Best Practices And Benchmarking Analysis - 1011 Words

Albany State University Best Practices and Benchmarking Jonatan Galan Business Internship 1 3100.01 Ms. Tracy Williams September 03, 2016 Best Practices and Benchmarking Benchmarking is the process of analyzing and comparing one’s business processes and performance measurement by looking at industry ideal and best practices from other companies. This process of obtaining a measure is a way of examining and discovering what is the best production being achieved whether in a particular industry, company, competitor or a different business. It is a way of examining how others achieve their performance level and understand the processes and steps they use. This dimensions usually measures quality, time and cost using a specific indicator resulting in a metric performance that is going to be compared to others. The application of this practice usually involves four key steps: Understand in detail current business processes, Analyze the business procedures and process of others, compare/contrast own business performance/production with the others analyzed and implement the steps necessary to close the performance gap. There are four primary types of bench marking: functional, internal, competitive and generic. Functional benchmarking is the process of comparing to similar or identical practices within the same functions outside the instant industry. This practice provides trend information regarding the industry and shows quantitative comparisons. InternalShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management : First Individual Assignment1045 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Management First individual assignment Benchmarking AMNA AHMED ALMUTAWA 2140002218 SECTION 207 Introduction; After the industrial revolution, business world has flourished with new concepts of management functions strategies, goals setting and performance techniques, evaluation and assessments methods which strength the competition level not only locally, but either globally. Organizations allover world tries their best to be the superior one in their field and to be ableRead MoreBenchmarking Is A Part Of Total Quality Management1483 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmarking is a part of total quality management; it is the process of establishing a standard of excellence by measuring and comparing an organization’s processes with the practices and processes of other organizations. According to Amerinet Inc. (n.d.), benchmarking can be done internally, externally, or a combination of both. 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Narrative 3 Paragraph Essay Samples - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesnt

Narrative 3 Paragraph Essay Samples - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesn't Several support paragraphs usually do the job with each other to explain the principal thought of a story, an essay, or a section of a company or technical report. It is crucial to take a rest from your writing as soon as you have finished the work. The next thing to do is to create a thesis statement. With a bit of practice and revision, you ought to be able to receive the procedure down in virtually no time. What Narrative 3 Paragraph Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not Each body paragraph starts with a topic sentence. The next thing to do is to make an outline listing the facts of the discussion of each paragraph. Personal essay conclusion is the last few sentences (or up to ten sentences) that gives you a review of the writer's points carried out to claim the last opinion on the subject. In the end, you wish to incorporate a thesis statement. A thesis may also be employed to point out the topic of each body paragraph. While the narrative is among the absolute most helpful types of writing for an essay, it may also be difficult. Even with the very first impression, a narrative essay isn't the simplest of all assignments. It is similar to a simple five-paragraph essay, in that it has the same format. In contrast, it ends when the readers are fully satisfied. The essay needs to have an appropriate point. In the end, your essay is going to be evaluated on the information which you present, not on the variety of paragraphs in the essay. Narrative essays are frequently the norm in academia. The three-paragraph essay isn't an exception. If you're writing a 3-4 paragraph essay, your thesis ought to be among the initial 3 sentences. For a lengthier essay, you desire a thesis statement that is more versatile. Therefore, the thesis establishes the crucial foundation for your essay. Your thesis is the very first thing that you ought to consider in your essay. A narrative essay is regarded to be among the most popular kinds of tasks that students get all too often. It's apparent that sexual education is totally important to the public-school curriculum. A student might wind up with the sentence resulting in the next point, but don't enter the information. Some students utilize the very first idea which arrives in their head and work on it, but the outcome isn't successful. The research will reveal to you exactly how many angles you need to look at, and it's going enable you to find information that both supports and contradicts your perspective. Generally, such papers are made in a suitable chronological order to be able to prevent confusion and permit everybody who reads it to adhere to the author's thoughts easily and with interest. Just as there are various forms of essays, there are various kinds of thesis statements. Narrative essays serve wide range of purposes. The Demise of Narrative 3 Paragraph Essay Samples Obviously, narrative paragraphs are employed in fiction for a writer describes the unfolding of events, but they're also found when describing any true sequence of activity. The details which you have provided should present your reader enough information which they can form an entire picture. All the details relate to the principal point the writer is trying to make. From its name, you might guess you need to have a crystal clear picture of a particular thing as a way to supply your reader with a very clear and concise explanation.

COUNSELING AND EDUCATIONAL PSYCHLOGY Essay Example For Students

COUNSELING AND EDUCATIONAL PSYCHLOGY Essay .COUNSELING AND EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY The Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology offers Masters Degree Programs in Counseling and Educational Psychology and Doctoral Degree Programs in Educational Psychology and Counseling Psychology. Degrees offered Master of Arts (Plan A only), Master of Education (Plan B only), Doctor of Philosophy. Specializations Counseling: Community and School Counseling Psychology Educational Psychology. The objectives of the masters in counseling program are to increase students knowledge of human development, personality, psychopathology, psychological research, and ethical and legal issues; increase students skills in individual, group, and family counseling; and prepare students for work as professional counselors in community and/or school settings. The doctoral program in Counseling Psychology is based on a scientist-practitioner model for training professional psychologists. Students acquire a solid foundation of knowledge in the cognitive, affective, individual, and social bases of human behavior. Through course work in research design, measurement, and statistics, students develop the skills needed to critically evaluate psychological research and to conduct their own independent research. Training in diagnosis, assessment, psychotherapy, consultation, practica, internship, and ethics provides students with the necessary professional skills to practice as competent and ethical counseling psychologists. Supervised practica and internship experiences are available through the universitys Counseling Center and at a variety of community sites. Graduates are prepared to practice as psychologists, professors, consultants, administrators, and researchers. The objectives of the Educational Psychology masters and doctoral programs are to provide knowledge and skills in the principal content areas of basic and applied psychology as required for the preparation of psychologists for work in diverse settings, such as private and public schools, colleges and universities, research centers, and business and industry. Applicants to all graduate programs in the Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology should have graduated with, or be about to graduate with, a bachelors or a masters degree from an accredited institution appropriate to their chosen field of graduate study. Students applying to a doctoral program without a masters degree, must complete an appropriate masters degree as part of their doctoral program requirements. The Master of Education (M.Ed) and Master of Arts (M.A. ) degree programs in counseling require a minimum of 48 credit hours and successful completion of a comprehensive examination. Students must also complete an internship in a clinical or educational setting. Students pursuing the Master of Arts degree must also complete thesis requirements. The Master of Education (M.Ed.) and Master of Arts (M. A.) degree in educational psychology both require a minimum of 30 credit hours and successful completion of a comprehensive examination. Students pursuing a Master of Arts degree must also complete thesis requirements. The counseling psychology program consists of 27 credits of course work in psychological foundations, 45 credits of course work in the counseling psychology professional core, a minimum of 6 terms of clinical practicum, a 1-credit independent research project and a 12-credit dissertation, and an approved 2000-hour clinical internship. Students who have completed relevant graduate course work prior to entry into the program may have some of their requirements waived if the previous course work is equivalent to the courses currently required by the program. Students must also pass a qualifying examination which is taken near the end of their course work in the program. The first component of the exam involves developing a Portfolio which primarily assesses the development of clinical skills. The second component is a written exam which primarily assesses knowledge of the field of counseling psychology. Students must pass both components of the qualifying examination and have their dissertation proposals accepted before they can apply for an internship. To be advanced to candidacy, students must pass the doctoral qualifying examination, have their dissertation proposal accepted, and complete all program course work and the Graduate Schools residency requirements. Doctoral students must complete a graduate course core consisting of a minimum of 60 credit hours of psychological foundations, methodology, and applied educational psychology. A minor of 12 credits is required and may be taken within the 60 credit hour core. .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 , .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .postImageUrl , .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 , .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503:hover , .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503:visited , .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503:active { border:0!important; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503:active , .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503 .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d1ac3c3850f6f987271c86689168503:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Technological Improvement Essay Graduate credits completed prior to admission to the Educational Psychology doctoral program may be accepted as fulfilling some of the core area requirements. A qualifying examination and 12 credits of dissertation are required. Licensure in psychology is granted by the .

Jesus Colons Little Things Are Big and Langston Hughes Thank You Mam Analysis Essay

Table of Contents Introduction Common Themes in the Two Stories Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Social relations are often premised on the interaction that usually has adverse outcomes, or even leading to different types of conflicts. Social conflicts and problems are regularly exposed in the literature to undermine the importance of favoring a positive social environment and encouraging effective decision-making.   The essay shall analyze the power of social prejudices on the basis of the analysis of â€Å"Little things Are Big† by Jesus Colon and â€Å"Thank You Ma’am† by Langston Hughes .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jesus Colon’s Little Things Are Big and Langston Hughes’ Thank You M’am Analysis Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Common Themes in the Two Stories The two short stories represent social challenges that the heroes should overcome to under stand the problem and define how it can be solved. In this respect, both works represent three types of confrontation – individual, relational, and societal. In the narrations under the analysis, there is an explicit confrontation of the heroes with their selves. Hence, the first story by Hughes narrates the story where the boy Rogers fights with his desire to steal the purse because he wants to buy the blue suede shoes. At the same time, he realizes that stealing is not the only way to get what he wants. As the plot develops, while fighting between the two edges, the character realizes that his behavior is disruptive and will not help him achieve his goals. A similar fight occurs in the hero of Colon’s story. According to â€Å"Little Things Are Big† summary, he is a Puerto Rican and tries to fit the existing stereotypes of the ethnic group. At the same time, he is also obsessed with the existence of racial differences with people, which limits his outlook on s ocial interaction with people. Being focused on his ethnic affiliation, the hero expresses his extreme hesitations, whether he should help a woman in her early twenties or not. By convincing himself about the prejudicial attitudes of the woman, he fails to assist the woman. Both stories by the two writers also represent interpersonal conflicts revealing the meaning of relationship and interaction between people with different social and cultural backgrounds. Hence, the boy has no one to look after him, which results in inappropriate social behavior. Lack of communication and proper upbringing that lead the main character to outlaw actions against society. The woman tries to teach him how to behave in society and, as a result, she distributes roles by considering a boy her son and herself his mother: â€Å"You ought to be my son. I would teach you right from wrong† (Hughes 71).Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such a way, she tries to meet the existing social norms. Moreover, from the â€Å"Little Things Are Big† analysis it is clear that roles distribution is also presented in the Colon’s stories when the main hero starts defining the social status by the color of skin: â€Å"How could I, a black and a Puerto Rican, approach this lady?† (Colon 116). Looking from these perspectives, both heroes were fully aware of the social constraints but lacked sufficient understanding of social norms. Lack of social awareness and cross-cultural understanding is revealed through the conflict between the self and society, as represented in both short stories. Hence, the main hero of Hughes’s story is placed within the social setting where the main hero is deprived of care and responsibilities. As is clear from the Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Thank you M’am† analysis, the main character does not understand his fau lts and believes that his behavior is the only way to achieve his purposes. At the same time, Mrs. Jones attempts to fulfill the role of the mother because she lives in a socially isolated setting. Similarly, Colon’s hero follows social stereotypes, which prevents him from fulfilling social obligations. Conclusion In conclusion, comparative analysis of â€Å"Thank you Ma’am† by Hughes and â€Å"Little Things Are Big† by Colon   shows that both stories represent how social vices affect human relationships. Lack of social awareness and impossibility to conform to societal norms prevents the characters from making decisions. At the same time, the short stories provide a moral lesson for people and teach them to behave following the ethical and moral codes. Works Cited Colon, Jesus. ‘Little Things Are Big’ A Puerto Rican In New York and Other Sketches. US: International Publishers, 1982. Print. 116-117. Hughes, Langston, ‘Thank You M†™am’ The Best Short Stories by Black Writers: The Classic Anthology from 1899 to 1967. US: Little, Brown, 1967. Print. 71-73. This essay on Jesus Colon’s Little Things Are Big and Langston Hughes’ Thank You M’am was written and submitted by user Briley Wallace to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Techniques for More Precise Writing

10 Techniques for More Precise Writing 10 Techniques for More Precise Writing 10 Techniques for More Precise Writing By Mark Nichol Here are ten ways to produce more vivid, direct, concise prose by replacing wordy phrases with fewer words and reorganizing sentences. It is not advisable to employ these strategies indiscriminately, but prose will usually be improved by following the recommendations below. 1. Use Active Voice When a sentence includes be or any other copulative verb, such as is or are, recast the sentence to omit the verb. Before: â€Å"The meeting was seen by us as a ploy to delay the project.† After: â€Å"We saw the meeting as a ploy to delay the project.† 2. Avoid Vague Nouns Phrases formed around general nouns such as aspect, degree, and situation clutter sentences. Before: â€Å"She is an expert in the area of international relations.† After: â€Å"She is an expert in international relations.† 3. Use Words, Not Their Definitions Replace explanatory phrases with a single word that encapsulates that explanation. Before: â€Å"The crops also needed to be marketable so that families would be able to sell any yields that exceeded what they personally required.† After: â€Å"The crops also needed to be marketable so that families would be able to sell any surplus.† 4. Avoid Noun Strings Reorganize sentences to eliminate series of nouns used as adjectives. Before: â€Å"The lack of a secure transfer may hamper computer security incident response efforts.† After: â€Å"The lack of a secure transfer may hamper responses to computer-security incidents.† 5. Convert Nouns to Verbs When a sentence includes a noun ending in -tion, change the noun to a verb to simplify the sentence. Before: â€Å"They will collaborate in the creation of new guidelines.† After: â€Å"They will collaborate to create new guidelines.† 6. Reduce Verb Phrases to Simple Verbs Identify the verb buried in a verb phrase and omit the rest of the phrase. Before: â€Å"The results are suggestive of the fact that tampering has occurred.† After: â€Å"The results suggest that tampering has occurred.† 7. Replace Complex Words with Simple Ones Choose simpler synonyms for multisyllabic words. Before: â€Å"The department will disseminate the forms soon.† After: â€Å"The department will pass out the forms soon.† 8. Avoid Expletives Don’t start sentences with â€Å"There is,† â€Å"There are,† or â€Å"It is.† Before: â€Å"There are many factors in the product’s failure.† After: â€Å"Many factors contributed to the product’s failure.† 9. Eliminate Prepositional Phrases Replace â€Å"(noun1) of the (noun2)† phrasing with â€Å"(noun2)’s (noun1)† phrasing. Before: â€Å"The decision of the committee is final.† After: â€Å"The committee’s decision is final.† 10. Reduce Wordy Phrases to Single Words Replace phrases that signal a transition with simple conjunctions, verbs, or other linking words. Before: Due to the fact that the project is behind schedule, today’s meeting has been postponed. After: Because the project is behind schedule, today’s meeting has been postponed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsBest Websites to Learn EnglishComma After Introductory Phrases

Biography of Wilbur Wright, Aviation Pioneer

Biography of Wilbur Wright, Aviation Pioneer Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) was one half of the aviation pioneering duo known as the Wright Brothers. Together with his brother Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright invented the first airplane to make the first manned and powered flight possible. Wilbur Wrights Early Life Wilbur Wright was born on April 16, 1867, in Millville, Indiana. He was the third child of Bishop Milton Wright and Susan Wright. After his birth, the family moved to Dayton, Ohio. Bishop Wright has in the habit of bringing his sons souvenirs from his church travels. One such souvenir was a whirling top toy, that sparked the Wright Brothers lifelong interest in flying machines. In 1884, Wilbur completed high school and the next year he attended special classes in Greek and trigonometry, however, a hockey accident and his mothers illness and death kept Wilbur Wright from finishing his college education. The Wright Brothers Early Career Ventures   On March 1, 1889, Orville Wright began publishing the short-lived West Side News, a weekly newspaper for West Dayton. Wilbur Wright was the editor and Orville was the printer and publisher. All his life, Wilbur Wright teamed with his brother Orville to develop various businesses and enterprises. Among the Wright Brothers various enterprises were a printing firm and a bicycle shop. Both of these ventures showcased their mechanical aptitude, business sense, and originality. The Pursuit of Flight Wilbur Wright was inspired by the work of German glider Otto Lilienthal, which  led to his desire to fly and his belief that manned flight was possible. Wilbur Wright read everything available on the then-new science of aviation- including all the Smithsonians technical papers on aviation- to study the projects of other aviators. Wilbur Wright thought of a novel solution to the problem of flight, which he described as a simple system that twisted, or warped the wings of a biplane, causing it to roll right and left. Wilbur Wright made history with the first-ever heavier-than-air, manned, powered flight in 1903. Wilbur Wrights Writings In 1901, Wilbur Wrights article, Angle of Incidence, was published in the Aeronautical Journal, and Die Wagerechte Lage Wahrend des Gleitfluges, was published in Ilustrierte Aeronautische Mitteilungen. These were the Wright Brothers first published writings on aviation. The same year, Wilbur Wright gave a speech to the Western Society of Engineers on the Wright Brothers gliding experiments. The Wrights First Flight On December 17, 1903,  Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first free, controlled, and sustained flights in a power-driven, heavier-than-air machine. The first flight was piloted by Orville Wright at 10:35 a.m., the plane stayed twelve seconds in the air and flew 120 feet. Wilbur Wright piloted the longest flight that day in the fourth test, fifty-nine seconds in the air and 852 feet. Wilbur Wrights Death In 1912 Wilbur Wright died after suffering from typhoid fever.

The use of criminal law in relation to insider dealing in the United Essay

The use of criminal law in relation to insider dealing in the United Kingdom is both draconian and unnecessary. Discuss - Essay Example The proposed criminal laws purport that the act is unfair since an investor who has inside information is highly likely to make more profits as compared to a typical investor. Other scholars claim that unauthorised insider trading tends to increase the cost of capital on the issuers of securities; hence, reducing economic growth (Alexander 2007, pp. 229-230). However, it is undoubtedly that though the set criminal laws are meant to help the investors and ensure economic success, they are unnecessary, draconian, and obviously counter-intuitive. Wagner (2011, pp. 974-975) asserts that the criminal laws are extreme and there is a need to legalise insider dealings to benefit the markets, ensure more transparency, reduce accounting fraud, and act on timely and factual information. Various scholars posit that criminal laws regarding insider trading in the UK are unnecessary and are a burden to some market participants. This is because though such trading has been illegal since the year 1980, it has always been difficult to effectively prosecute persons who have been accused of such dealings. In most cases, the suspects are able to escape arrest or prosecution; thus, the regulators often rely on fines to punish those who are found abusing the market. It is unfortunate though that the fines have always been perceived as inefficient since the perpetrators are able to walk scot-free since they have the necessary resources to cover their fines. In that case, this only increases the rate of misconduct; making the set laws redundant (Ferran 2004, pp. 44-45). The number of insider dealing cases by the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK has heightened in the past years. Since the year 2009 to 2013, there have been roughly 23 convictions. For instance, in 2009, Christian Littlewood who was a corporate financier and an insider trader was sentenced to three years and four months in jail. It was believed that the gross profit accumulated from his

Managing employee performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing employee performance - Essay Example The paper critically analyses three strategies including policy framework, monitoring and coordinating attendance, and reward system in order to curtail absenteeism. Contrary to common belief, compromising working conditions, low job satisfaction, and ill-treatment are identified to be the main reasons of absenteeism. If left unaddressed, absenteeism leads to loss of money, productivity, stress amongst co-workers and organization as a whole. The paper analyses the way a detailed, updated, and consistent policy framework prevent absenteeism before it develops. However, written policy is the first step which must be preceded with proper communication and consistent policy implementation. Policy framework is further enhanced by monitoring and coordinating attendance. Attendance tracking is identified to be more effective when linked with payroll and HRIS. Keeping and maintaining records is sufficient to keep the employees alert and absenteeism under controlled. Third strategy of reward and incentive is proactive in nature. Offering attractive reward for regular employees and incentive for potential employees who can be regular attendee seems a practical solution. However, some experts are apprehensive of its negative consequences, such as, unproductive attendance. The research and analysis of these strategies and reasons of absenteeism leads to a balanced approach. The paper suggests adopting the combination of different strategies designed in accordance to the specific needs of an organization’s absenteeism problem. 2. Causes of Absenteeism Generally perceived reasons for absenteeism include: sickness, workloads, low compensation, and family issues. However, research shows a different side of the picture. While studying employee opinion about absenteeism issue, several anonymous studies identified that neither low pay, high workloads, less compensation, and poor benefits, nor actual sickness are the causes of absenteeism. In fact, absenteeism is identified to be a symptom of bad working conditions, low job satisfaction, and ill-treatment of supervisors. An effective method to determine the reasons of employees’ absence is to inquire the supervisor for the reasons of absenteeism and the ways to curtail it. Suggestions for possible solutions will be provided by only those supervisors who have actually put some efforts in dealing with the issue (cited in Levine, 1999). It is critical to understand that reasons for absenteeism vary in different organizations. In order to implement any strategy to curtail absenteeism, employers’ must identify the underlying reasons which are leading to absenteeism in their organization. 3. Consequences of Absenteeism Absenteeism at workplace is a troublesome and costly issue, the most perturbing is the fact that approximately 50 percent of absenteeism stems from unacceptable reasons (Gwaltney, 1994, p.24).Major consequences of absenteeism are lost productivity, unreasonable overtime pay, and paid sick leave (Tyler, 1997, p.57).In addition, absenteeism at workplace leads to: lower productivity, compromising work quality, loss of team work, and increased payroll cost in the form of overtime (Miller et al. cited in   Lockhart,2001,p.8). Absenteeism frequently cause last-minute struggle for supervisor to look for replacements (Markowich et

Lean On Me Essay Example for Free

Lean On Me Essay Sometimes it can be difficult to know for certain when you have been victimized and it can be even more difficult to understand why, who, and exactly how you have been victimized. Obviously in cases of bullying, or violence, or rape, the victimization is very obvious, but a film like Lean On Me causes the viewer to question whether or not victims can sometimes go unnoticed. One example that is subtle, but present in the film, is the idea that all of the kids in East Side High School are victims of a larger social and political world that they probably could not fathom even if they had a chance to view it in its entirety. The social class-systems and economic distribution in America, the idea of free markets and of haves and have nots is at the bottom of their difficult and crime-infested existence. The great irony of the movie is, of course, that only by getting an education can the kids at the high school escape their dismal lives and earn something better, but the very decadence and violence of the schools has created an atmosphere where learning is impossible. Everyone, including myself, has probably experienced at least one obstacle, if not many more, to receiving their right to an education. In my own case, I have been victimized not only by school bullies, but by negligent or outright hostile teachers. In one case, I remember having been given a C- on an assignment in Math where the teacher had incorrectly marked many of my answers. The assignment deserved a B but when I asked for the teacher to take another look at the assignment, I was told to accept the grade I had been given, period. That is a kind of victimization which is very slight compared to the vents portrayed in the movie Lean on Me,but it is an example of how sometimes victimization can go unnoticed. People that I have known have experienced much more extreme victimization, whether it be a female friend who is in an abusive relationship, or a close friend of mine whose own family continuously criticizes him while relying on him to run errands and help with financial obligations. Victimization seems to follow a pattern where one person or group of persons takes advantage of someone whom they perceive to be weaker, or of lesser consequence than themselves. If you are a victim, that probably means that the person or group who is victimizing you has decided that you are of lesser power and importance than they are themselves. While it is a common belief that victims are the innocent party, it is entirely possible for somebody to be a victim while at the same time victimizing others. One good illustration from Lean on Me is the school drug-dealers whoa re making victims out of the people they deal drugs to, but they are also victims themselves of the same social injustices and social inequalities that plague the others. Because you are most likely to be noticed first as a perpetrator of crime than as a victim in most cases, this kind of victimization goes unnoticed. Many forms of victimization rest on the fact that the victims are usually not regarded at large as being valuable or desirable. In many cases they also view themselves this way: as of little or no importance. The best remedy I can think of for victimization is self-empowerment. That doesnt mean violence, but it does mean that because victimization implies that one is viewed as being weaker or of lesser value the natural response to remedy victimization would be the demonstration that either or both of these assumptions are false. In the case that I related about my own math grade, the proper response would have been to seek out whatever official protocol the school offered to challenge an illigitimate grade and maybe through this means I could have had the grade changed, which, in turn would have demonstrated to the teacher that I was not of lesser consequence than the teacher themself. In the case of Lean On Me, of course, the sense of self-empowerment came through learning adn self-discipline, which is the very best method to address victimization and prevent future victimization.

Biblical Creationism versus Scientific Origin Essay -- Science Religio

Commonly, religious discussion turns to the subject of origins. There are two reasons for this: firstly, there are those with a literal or semi-literal interpretation of the Bible (or other relevant holy book) who remain convinced that the world was created in the recent past looking more or less as it does today. Obviously, this issue must be resolved before the existence or nature of the deity can even begin to be discussed! Secondly, even those with the more common, nonliteral interpretation of the creation story often use arguments that aren't valid to insist on direct interference by a deity at one or more points in the past. And while thanks to its flexibility this "tinkering" God theory cannot be ruled out to the same degree as literal interpretation story potentially can, its proponents should still be aware that there's little justification from the evidence for it, and that the majority of the story of our origins can now be explained in a secular manner. The basic idea: scientific knowledge, as we know it, is not incompatible with a creator. But it most certainly does not require one. I think it would be prudent to define a few terms first. Evolution: The change in life over long time scales by descent with modification through natural selection, except when used in astronomical context (where it refers to slow changes in stars and galaxies.) Creationism: Specifically, I use this to mean Christian young-earth creationism; the belief that Earth was created in 6 literal days as written in Genesis 1. Taxon: a division of life: kingdom, phylum, class, species, etc, or an example of such a division (Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Humans, etc) Geological Epochs: Precambrian (4500-545 Mya): Primordial epoch; from th... ...by not giving it an opportunity to form crystals. Once an opportunity occurs, the water will almost instantly transform into ice, perhaps shattering the container it is contained within as it expands. Something like this happens, but at the quantum level, rather than the chemical bond level: in this case, the so-called strong nuclear force separates from the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces (all three had formerly been the same entity), causing space to exert a fantastically powerful repulsive force that inflates the universe by a factor of about 10^20 in about 10^-32 seconds. This force then dies off, leaving the universe to expand at a roughly constant rate through the present day. That's the outline of the theory, and it agrees very well with the observations above. You're free to form your own philosophical interpretation of the origin of the universe.

Environmental Issues Essay

The environmental issues in India become more serious every day and she is turning into a bit of a mess on this front but with over 1 Billion people most of which in dire poverty, it’s hardly surprising. The recent boom in its industries, little or no environmental education, infrastructure nearly at bursting point not to mention the huge deforestation that’s going on. If you think your country has some problems then you are about to be a bit of a shock because I’m sure nothing compares to some of the environmental issues in India. A whopping 65% of the land in here is degraded in some way, shape or form and the endless government policies do little to curb the damage. In fact, there is no shortage at all of government legislation protecting the environment but unfortunately it is never enforced due to flagrant abuse of power, corruption and lack of resources. If you have ever been to India you have undoubtedly noticed the serious little problem that they have in India. No, it’s not like here in the UK where a can of coke and crisp packet on the floor are a litter problem. India’s litter problem is almost a bit disturbing. The attitude is to just throw it on the floor, there are no bins, just drop it. That’s 1 Billion people disposing of their rubbish on the floor, every day. The scope of the problem is almost unimaginable and of course, it takes generations to change a habit like that but no one is starting. What they need here is education and that is what is seriously missing. With regards to environmental issues in India, India appears to be digging its own grave deeper and quicker than the rest of us, nearly 30% of India’s gross agricultural output is lost every year due to soil degradation, poor land management and counter productive irrigation. The wetlands and lakes are also being hit hard. Mainly by the industrial boom that hit India a decade ago, the main problems being improper disposal of industrial waste like chemicals etc. India’s 7516 km of coastline have also come under attack from this environmental sabotage, overfishing remains a huge problem due to lack of legislation enforcement. Raw sewage from an awful lot of people is pumped endlessly into the ocean along with other industrial waste and chemicals. Hundreds of miles of coral and other sea life are slowly being destroyed due to offshore drilling. Tourist centres such as Goa suffer due to badly managed development and excessive tourism, again resulting from the lack of legislation and policy enforcement. The main environmental issues in India The Environmental issues in India are huge. Whether it’s the rapidly dropping water tables, mass deforestation, land degradation or river contamination, India has it all and on a massive scale. Water resources Perhaps the largest of the environmental issues in India facing the people of India is inadequate or lack of access to vital fresh water resources. As India’s industries get bigger so will the amount of water they require and the amounts are already beginning to spiral. As an example I use the Coca cola factory which was accused for years of messing up an entire eco system. By simply diverting all the water to their factory, millions of people went without. The company are also accused of causing huge droughts and contamination to a massive area by exploiting an excessive amount of ground water and then replacing it with toxic discharge. Of course, Coca Cola is a big famous company and that is why this came to news but I have no doubt that there are a million examples of similar things happening all over India. Years of exploitation and extraction of groundwater in India has caused the national water table to suddenly and very dramatically drop. Considering that 85% of rural drinking water and 55% of urban water comes from underground sources, this seems to me a very urgent problem as literally hundreds of millions of people could be left without water†¦ does it even bear thinking about! The rivers are on the front line of pollution in India. Millions of people depend on them for their livelihoods but they are slowly being polluted and destroyed by sewage, chemicals and other agricultural and industrial waste. These are some of the most polluted rivers in the world but little seems to be to stem the incessant destruction. Deforestation The story of deforestation is another of the highly serious environmental issues in India. It is predicted that almost 5. 3 Million hectares of forest have been destroyed since the independence. Most of it being chopped down for housing, industrialisation and river projects. It is estimated that the number of Mangrove Forests have more than halved in the last 20 years. The government soon recognised the importance that these forests hold for the conservation of soil and put forward a range of polices trying to curb the destruction; of course, nothing has really changed and thousands of acres are destroyed every year with nothing in the way of ‘replacement’. Poor management and abuse of power are again the increasingly sad cause behind the mass deforestation of India, some call it greed. Protected areas are largely declassified so that commercial activities can take place but new areas are not reclassified. Poaching is another factor, people actually coming in and steeling trees and one of the final blows to the forest of India who already seem to have lost the battle is the invasion of foreign tree species such as Eucalyptus etc. Air Pollution India now has one of the worst qualities of air in the world. Without a doubt the main contributor of air pollution in India is the transport system. In the big cities like Delhi and Mumbai, millions of old and very dirty diesel engines churn out millions of tonnes more sulphur than their western equivalents partly because of being old and partly because of the diesel. As a result, the asthma rate for children in some of the larger cities is now at %50 and rising fast. Because of the varied causes and consequences surrounding this topic, I’ve devoted a whole page to India air pollution. Plastics and other waste I have already touched on the massive problem of waste disposal but I intend to go into it more here. It seems that some areas are simply fed up with the lack of Government intervention and are using there initiatives. As an example I use some of the towns and villages in Kerala who are seeing a return to the old paper bags from plastic ones. As I am sure you know, plastic isn’t in any urgency to degrade but the people of India don’t seem to recognise this as they throw every unwanted item onto the floor wherever they are. Of course, the victims of this environmental issue in India are the future generations and the animals. The holy cows that are so integral to Indian life are slowly being killed from the huge amount of plastic bags they consume that eventually rap around their insides.

Are Zoos Cruel or Educational Essay

Zoos are cruel because of recent incidents that have happened creating the deaths and injuries of some animals. In the 2005 DreamWorks move, Madagascar, a group of zoo animals wanted to leave the zoo for a day to explore New York little did they know there one day escape turned into an adventure greater than they could have every imagine. While exploring New York they were accidentally shipped to the island of Madagascar. Though they were among other animals that look like them, the four friends found themselves totally out sync with the real world. Living in the zoo sheltered them from their ability to live in their natural habitat. Although zoos are educational, animals are held in captivity unable to live and thrive in their natural habitat. Zoo keepers, scientist and animal groups continue to debate the issue with zoos being either place of education and entertainment or unnecessary prisons. While some people argue that zoos play an important role in conservation and research, others counter that they do more harm than good. Zoos have been entertaining people with exotic animal collections since 1250 BC with Egyptian records describing different species of animals in captivity behind bars (Nationalgeographic. com). The Imperial Menagerie in Vienna, Austria was the first modern zoo established in 1752. There are thousands of zoos around the world today. Overtime, zoos have improved the environment for zoo animals from steel bar enclosures and cold cement cages to illusions mimicking the animals’ natural habitat with moats and ditches that separate the animals from people who visit the zoo. Zoos are going beyond keeping animals alive in captivity. They have become more involved in conserving wild animals, reintroducing endangered species, and restoring habitats (Nationalgeographic. com). So why do scientist and animal groups believe that zoos are far from entertaining and educational? While conditions have improved for zoos by creating a natural habitat for animals critics continue to argue that the spacing available is not enough. Animals like zebras, giraffes and gazelles were designed to run across miles of open terrain, not live out their lives in captivity. Despite a zoo’s best efforts, its animals often are deprived of privacy, confined to inadequate spaces and unable to engage in natural hunting and mating activities. Forced to live in man-made constructs, many animals began to display obsessive, repetitive behaviors (Fact Sheet on Zoos). David Hancocks, a zoo consultant and former zoo director, describes the natural-looking zoo inhabit as mere illusions, arguing that they’re not much of an improvement in terms of space (www. time. com). Many captive animals exhibit signs of severe distress: People have witnessed elephants bobbing their heads, bears pacing back and forth and wild cats obsessively grooming themselves (www. time. com). This display of behavior has caused some animals to act out either among themselves or humans. SeaWorld trainer Dawn Brancheau was killed on February 24, 2010 after being attacked by the killer whale â€Å"Tilikum† at Shamu Stadium in Orlando, Florida during a live performance. The whale dragged her underwater, toying with her until her death. Brancheau was described as one of the best in her profession. So what went wrong? Until behavior records are closely examined as to what led the whale to kill the trainer the question remains (www. time. com). In December 2007, â€Å"Tatiana, a 4-year-old Siberian tiger, escaped from its enclosure at the San Francisco Zoo and killed one teen and injured two others on Christmas afternoon† (Chua-Eoan). There have been many articles about zoos keepers neglecting animals and displaying other acts of mistreatment. The most recent article comes from a zoo director being charged with animal cruelty. Meghan Mogensen, 27 year old zoo director allegedly drowned a wounded wallaby in a bucket of water after suffering from an eye injury in his pen at the zoo (Daily News). In conclusion, although zoos have created natural-looking environments for animals, in my opinion, I believe it is cruel to house animals in captivity. The incidents mentioned above is proof to why animals need to be able to hunt and roam in the wild which cannot be created by a zoo. There is no reason why innocent lives are continually lost for the sake of research, education, or entrainment. So what is your opinion on zoos?

Check Some Catchy Hooks for an Essay

Check Some Catchy Hooks for an Essay First, what is an essay hook? It is the first words or sentences of your essay. This helps quickly grab attention of the reader, and serves as an introduction to your text. After reading the first words, your reader will decide whether they want to read further or not. If you ask yourself Who could write my essay for me?, you can be sure that our writers will give you a hand. Also our experts have compiled a list of simple tips to help you write perfect college essay hooks. Start with a Quote Literary quotes are good hooks for essay about a book, a story or a particular author. Thanks to quotes, your essay looks fresher, and your words gain more confidence. Also you can use quotes from famous personalities. The main thing is to make sure that your quote matches the subject and style of your text. So you can reinforce your point of view with an additional argument. Use Anecdotes This type of essay hooks is used less often, as many are afraid to start with a funny story. However, a good joke doesn’t mean that all your text should be fun. A little bit of humor will surely grab the attention of the readers, so you can quickly interest them. Start with a Question The correct question will immediately generate the interest. Therefore, this is one of the best hooks for an essay. The curious reader will want to read on to find out the answer. Avoid questions that can be answered with a simple, unambiguous answer (yes or no). Your goal is to encourage the reader to reflect, providing him with arguments that will help find an answer. Expose a Misconception This is one of the best essay writing hooks. People like to learn something new and to be surprised. Start with an assertion that is a commonly recognized fact, and then disprove it. Now all the attention of your reader will be directed to your arguments. Conclusion Choose essay hooks depending on the topic of your essay and its style. If you prefer an emotional and imaginative style, jokes and live scenes will suit you. If you are dealing with a serious issue, start with a misconception revealing or an important question. If you write about literature, start with a quote of the particular author. A good hook is just the beginning. If you find it difficult to write an essay on your own, asking yourself Who could write my essay for me?, our qualified team are always ready to help.

Listening to Podcasts in German

Listening to Podcasts in German We discovered Annik Rubens and her five-minute Schlaflos in Mà ¼nchen podcasts first, and then it was about an hour with a Swiss-German dee-jay at jradio.ch in Zurich. (Cool to hear Schwytzerdytsch, the musics cool, but in English.) The variety of topics and sheer numbers of podcasts in German is amazing for such a relatively new phenomenon! People all around the world- including Austria, Germany, and Switzerland- are producing their own mini-radio shows on topics from art culture to porn, from daily life to rock, or world news politics. There are podcasts in German dialects and even kidspods for young listeners (Hà ¶rkultur fà ¼r Kinder). Youll find pro versions and podcasts by just plain folks. PodcastenaufDeutsch What is podcasting? Heres a definition in German: Der Begriff Podcasting meint das automatische Herunterladen von Audio-Dateien aus dem Internet. Meistens handelt es sich dabei um private Radio-Shows, die sich einem bestimmten Thema widmen. - podster.de (See the English explanation in the next paragraph.) Audio on the web is nothing new. However, das Podcasten is a new way of approaching online audio (and video). It really seems to be a good thing for language-learners. The term podcast is a play on words that mixes broadcast and iPod to come up with podcast. A podcast is a lot like a radio broadcast, but with some crucial differences. First of all, a podcaster doesnt need a real radio station. Anyone with basic recording and computer skills can produce a podcast. Second, unlike radio, you can listen to a podcast at any time and in any place. You can click on a podcast and listen to it immediately (just like streaming audio), or you can save it to your computer (and/or iPod) for later. Some podcasts require a free subscription and/or special podcast software (i.e., iTunes, iPodder, Podcatcher, etc.), but most podcasts can be heard using a normal Web browser set up for MP3 audio. The advantage of subscribing is that youll get your chosen podcast on a regular basis, just like a newsletter.  A lot of the podcasting software and services are free. You dont have to pay for anything unless you want to. The free iTunes software from Apple (for Mac or Windows) has support for podcasts and is perhaps the easiest way to subscribe to podcasts in German or other languages. How to Find German Podcasts The best way is to use iTunes or some other podcast directory. Podcast.net lists over 20 podcasts in German. Thats where I found Annik and Schlaflos in Mà ¼nchen, but shes also listed in iTunes and other directories. (Some podcasts listed under Deutsch may actually be in English, because its up to the podcaster to select the category.) Of course, there are also German podcast directories, including das deutsche Podcasting Portal - German podcasts. The iPodder.org site has a page for podster.de, but you need to download the free Juicer client (Mac, Win, Linux) to use it. You can also use Google.de or other search engines to find podcasts in German. Some Selected Podcast Sites in German Most podcasters have a Web site related to their podcasts, often with a forum for feedback and comments. Most will let you stream their MP3 podcasts, but if you want to subscribe, try one of the podcast clients such as iPodder. Annik Rubens: Schlaflos in Mà ¼nchen 3-5 minute daily podcasts1st Intergalactic Podcast Ralfs tgliche handvoll Minà ¼tchen à ¼ber einfach allesAudibleBlog.de Topics: Large variety (business, Kinder, usw.) DIE ZEIT and audio highlights (3-12 min.) from audible.deGnak Podcast Verschiedenes von Nicole Simone in Là ¼beck

Listening, Learning and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Listening, Learning and Communication - Essay Example There is such a thing as ineffective communication, which instead of creating a fine relationship with others, it creates tension between people who are trying to create connection with their fellowmen. This is where communication roadblocks enter the discussion. These roadblocks are usually encountered because of the differences of each human individual. It could be noted that because of the differences of each person, the receiving and giving of message through words and action between people may not be that common enough to easily understand. Within the paragraphs that follow, the said twelve roadblocks shall be discussed clearly as based from the sensation, perception and attention practice that had been performed by the author of this paper. The roadblocks mentioned earlier could be identified to fall into three major divisions. These include judging, sending solutions, and avoiding other's concerns. These three divisions are then subdivided into few more 12 subsections. At some point, these destructive procedures of communication at times happen when two persons are in a discussion that is involving problems or personal troubles. Because of the tension that is usually built up due to the problem being talked about, the sense of right reasoning is usually lost because of the lack of understanding that exists due to the tension. To be able to understand everything, the twelve roadblocks should be discussed herein in a clearer pattern: Judging Criticizing This is the way by which a person intends to manipulate the thinking of the other person through questioning the attitudes of the other. Not only that, the situation usually aggravates the questioning of the attitude of the other towards the other person. Robert Bolton comments on the matter saying: "Many of us feel we need to be critical, or other people will never improve we make a negative evaluation of the other person, for his or her actions, or attitudes." (Burtis, 2005, 18) The attitude of man to even aggravate the situation being faced by the other because of some emotional attachment to the issue makes this particular roadblock an effective way of stopping or heating up a particular conversation. Name-calling At some point, when people get pissed off because of a heated conversation, they tend to course the other or at times they name-call the others with insulting titles that makes it hard for the other party of communication to understand clearly what is happening. The result then leads to a more aggravated heated conversation. Bolton further adds, "Name calling and labeling usually have negative overtones to both the sender and receiver. Labeling prevents us from getting to know ourselves and other individuals." (1999) Diagnosing At some point, when people argue over something, they become too much sensitive with how the other reacts upon a certain situation or how a person intends to talk back to them. The sensitiveness results to diagnosis of the reaction of the other and the way of speech that he or she uses within the conversation. Instead of simply listening to what the person says, reading between the lines becomes another way of decoding the bodily message of the person who is speaking. Another comment from Bolton reads: "We analyze

A Reflection on the Performance in a Professional Environment Essay

A Reflection on the Performance in a Professional Environment - Essay Example It profoundly presents my own and entailed. Professional development, comprehensive understanding of legal and entailed ethical foundations concerned with confidentiality and entailed reflection on attitude and behavior that recurrently impact on daily service delivery processes. The reflexive essay entails enormous consideration into UK laws attaching on the exposure of confidential information regarding the patients’ health conditions and how it has affected my role as a health worker in the UK. It also highlights on the touchy past issues entrenched in the confidentiality part (Great Britain & Amy, 2012, p75). According to UN Economic Commission for Europe, 2009, confidentiality is an entrenched obligation and mandatory to any provider of certain data or information to highly maintain the privacy of the information (Tranberg & Rashbass, 2004, p79). Thus in professional requirements, all the agencies entailed in a collection of information from different people or even organizations have an astounding role and entailed legal or consequent ethical liability to ensure that they timely respect the privacy or secrecy of the people providing the information (Clark & Mcghee, 2008, p73). In similar proportions, the entailed individuals or organizations are not identified in any disseminated dataset and also there is a concurrent and vivid difference in the connection between confidentiality and privacy. While undertaking my personal roles I have learned of the importance of confidentiality as a failure or breach of confidentiality or entailed disclosure of patients’ information which has th e potentials of intruding into his or her privacy as a person or even associated an organization (Anderson, 1997, p96).

Comparison or contrast of East-West philsophical thought Essay

Comparison or contrast of East-West philsophical thought - Essay Example The wider areas surrounding India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and the Arabic countries are taken as representing Eastern thought. Western thought is taken as mainly stemming from Europe, and North America, with some concession for Christianity, as it originated in the Middle East, rather than in Europe or North America. Additionally, while Christianity is considered the major Western religion, some consideration is also given to Greek and Roman philosophical thought, modern scientific though and rationalism. In terms of the philosophical thought considered in this essay as eastern, Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, forms of Yoga, and Islam were considered. For many years, within the fields of academia and scholarship, Syed Farid Atlas (2002) argues that Eurocentrism â€Å"†¦values, attitudes, ideas and ideological orientations that are informed by European uniqueness and superiority.† (as cited in Yoshitaka, 2010) dominated much discourse. This has perhaps been to the detriment of philosophical thought as a whole. There are certainly positive aspects to the philosophical thinking of the east and the west with value. Neither should be dominant. In the west, it is accepted and encouraged that the individual will succeed on his/her own. Personal achievement is valued, and to achieve the individual should be independent of others, even independent of the environment. In contrast, eastern societies are structured around the collective. The family and the community or society are considered important, sometimes more so than the individual. The interdependence of people, and their environment, and even the universe at large is always acknowledged and accepted. This means that philosophical thinking, presented in explanation of human existence and purpose, differs widely in the east and west. While in the east, Truth is accepted as universal, independent of the individual, it is a proven, scientifically tested

Anthropology of Food: Essay on Medicinal Cannibalism

Anthropology of Food: Essay on Medicinal Cannibalism Abstract Cannibalism has been a topic of morbid fascination, condemnation, and strong subject of academic and moral argument. Medicinal cannibalism and corpse medicine became a pervasive occurrence in early modern Europe and America. Egyptian mummies pulverized into powder, human flesh of those recently executed and tragically died, fat, blood, skull and moss of the dead mans skull were in high demand by physicians and their patients. Paracelsian chemists and physicians (a notorious medical movement in the late 16th and 17th century based upon theories and therapies of Paracelsus) made very careful removal and use of the entire human corpse. Thomas Willis, Robert Boyle, Charles II of England and a host of affluent gentry and aristocrats actively participated in this practice, along with the lucrative underground world of executioners, merchants, and grave robbers. This essay delves into the facts of medicinal cannibalism, purposed body parts, and healing practices. Introduction In order to understand Medicinal Cannibalism, it is important we first understand what cannibalism is; Cannibalism is the intake or consumption of one’s own species. Medical Cannibalism or the proper term iatric cannibalism is the ritualistic eating of human flesh for purpose of healing the human body. The consumption of mummies and human tissue became a infamous pharmaceutical drug used widely all over the Europe, and were still sold at highly regarded German pharmacies as recent as 1908, and continued to be practiced in the Pacific Ocean islands as late as the second half of the 20th century. Medical Cannibalism was commonplace and hit the peak of popularity during the 16th and 17th centuries. Many European royals, scientists, and clergy commonly ingested medical potions containing human blood, fat, bodily secretions, and bones believed to cure everything from cuts and bruises to seizures. Method So Jesus said to them. Very truly, I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you†¦ -John 6:53 In order to gain an understanding about the history of medical cannibalism, we need to explore the Christian followers and their gruesome healing practices. In the Christian faith, the correlation between the deceased and the godly has been a elemental part of ceremony and worship. Very early on, flocks of faithful worshippers prayed over the dead martyred saints believing the saints physical remains provided a spiritual connection between man and God. Their decaying bodies and their bodily composition (such as blood, flesh, organs, bones, and secretions) believed to have holy powers to provide miracles of healing and the escape of spiritual and mortal death. These theft and vandalism of these bodies grew so widespread eventually, requiring relocation of the bodies to secure resting places. Stories of these healing miracles continued to be reported by those who prayed or touched these saints corpses: Saint Catherine of Sienas mummified head displayed at the Church of San Domenico in Siena, Italy and is believed to have healing powers. Catherine of Siena was believed to have had performed a healing ritual for a nun dying from breast cancer described as twice forced herself to overcome nausea by thrusting her mouth into the putrefying breast†¦ and drank her pus. (Sugg, 2012) In central Italy, the faithful would pour olive oil over the martyred Saint Felixs through holes in the tomb and collect the oil that had run over his decaying body to anoint the sick. (Sugg, 2012) By the Middle Ages, Christian Europe was no longer satisfied consumption of dead saints, but had grown to also hunger for human bodies. Blood For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it for you on the altar to make atonement for your souls, for it is the blood that makes atonement byt the atonement by the life. -Leviticus 17:11 Human blood believed to contain the essence of spirit and life and through consumption; the bloods life essence is transferred. Regarded as the greatest scientist of his time, Saint Albertus Magus (1206-1280), prescribed a most precious water containing the distilled blood from a healthy man. He declared any disease of the body, if it be anointed therewith, is made whole and all inward diseases by the drinking thereof. A small quantity thereof received, restoreth them that have lost all strength: it cureth the palsy effectuously, and preserveth the body from all sickness. (Sugg, 2012) In 1483, King Louis XI ailing and struggling to live, drank the blood of small children: Every day he grew worse, and the medicines profited him nothing, though of a strange character; for he vehemently hoped to recover by the human blood which he took and swallowed from certain children. (Himmelman, 1997) In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII near death after a violent stroke drank blood drained by his personal physician of three young boys causing their death as well as the unsuccessful healing of the pope resulting in death. The scientific approach to medical practice during the Renaissance triumphed over the faith-based healing of the past creating great advancements in chemistry. biology, and medicine. Oddly enough, medicinal cannibalism reached the peak of popularity and the art of alchemy. Decay is the beginning of all birth-and of all health -Paracelsus Alchemic philosophy of corpse medicine was uncomplicated: through decomposition, old matter transformed into raw material once again. Refinement of human organic matter is the base of the essence of life. Theophorastus Bombastus von Honenheim (1491-1541) Early literature is full of revelations pertaining to the potent medicinal power in the beneficial healing of an individuals ailments. The text and medical studies of medicinal cannibalism and corpse pharmacology, reveals the commonplace practice of ingesting human bodily matter and reveals a culture preoccupied. According to early literature (980-1037), the ingestion of mummies was the preparation that could cure epilepsy, nausea, colds, and the antidote of poison. By the late sixteenth century, the ingestion of mummies became a renowned pharmaceutical drug used widely all over the Europe, and were still sold at reputable German pharmacies as recent as 1908.[i] Further, ingestion of human bodies was practiced in many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean until the second half of the twentieth century. The question necessarily occurs: what’s good about it? Ingestion of human bodies is not necessarily an appealing notion even to the people in the sixteenth century. When one is prescribed a half a pound of mummy dust by a doctor as a remedy for a cold, it sounds like the risk isn’t worth taking, for one could ask many questions such as, ‘For how long do I need to take it?’ or more obviously, ‘Does that work?’ and so on. Dwelling deeper, can one consume anot her being of the same species? What would its moral implication be? Apparently, these are types of questions that were asked and have been asked by those who promoted medicinal ingestion of flesh as well as the deliberate act of cannibalism. In this paper, I will examine the types of cannibalisms as well as ways to prepare human flesh, discuss the theoretical and practical implications of cannibalism and briefly touch upon the alleged relationship between cannibalism and witchcraft in early modern Europe. If you havent read much about ancient Egyptian mummies, you may be shocked to learn that in centuries past, they were ground up into a fine powder dispensed by pharmacists to be topically applied or orally ingested as a treatment for ailments as diverse as upset stomach, gout, and epilepsy. Mumia (or mummia) was 1st prepared in the 12th c., was in common use by the 15th c., and reached great popularity by the 17th c. Mummy is become merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharaoh is sold for balsams, wrote Sir Thomas Browne in 1841. Mummy powder was in such demand that the supply of ancient Egyptians slowed and contemporary corpses were substituted. Mumia was still available as recently as the early 20th c. Fast forward to 2012, when scientists are again looking to mummy as a cure. They fear that our (over)use of antibiotics has ravaged our intestinal flora, which in turn has changed our metabolism, damaging our immune system and contributing to obesity. Cecil Lewis of the University of Oklahoma is comparing the bacteria in the poop of ancient mummies who lived before the age of antibiotics to our own gut bacteria so they can figure out what has changed. My first hypothesis would be that chlorinated water and antibiotics fundamentally changed human microbiomes, says Dr. Lewis, who adds, Its too early to tell if its a good idea to repopulate our guts with bacteria. But its certainly an important idea that requires investigation. And presumably a more sophisticated method than ingesting mumia 1st image) An apothecary vessel inscribed MUMIÆ once contained powdered mummy and is now a specimen in the pharmacy collection of the Museums fà ¼r Hamburgische Geschichte, 2nd image) Alisa Eagleston and Elizabeth Cornu, conservators from the San Francisco Fine Arts Museum, cover the 2,500-year-old mummy of an Egyptian man named Irethorrou after being scanned at the Stanford Medical Center. These are some of the many posts I have written about ancient Egypt, if you care to read on: Ancient Egyptian perfume, Rediscovery of ancient Egypt, Raiding ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian finds, The nurse and the sphinx, Mummy toes, Ramesses repatriation, Mummies guarded, The mummies in question, and Egyptian obelisks elsewhere. Noble’s new book,Medicinal Cannibalism in Early Modern English Literature and Culture, and another by Richard Sugg of England’s University of Durham,Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians, reveal that for several hundred years, peaking in the 16th and 17th centuries, many Europeans, including royalty, priests and scientists, routinely ingested remedies containing human bones, blood and fat as medicine for everything from headaches to epilepsy. There were few vocal opponents of the practice, even though cannibalism in the newly explored Americas was reviled as a mark of savagery. Mummies were stolen from Egyptian tombs, and skulls were taken from Irish burial sites. Gravediggers robbed and sold body parts. Bibliography Dolan, M. (2012). The Gruesome History of Earing Corpses as Medicine History . Retrieved from Smithsonianmag.com: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-gruesome-history-of-eating-corpses-as-medicine Gordon-Grube, K. (1993). Evidence of Medicinal Callnibalism in Puritan New England: Mummy and Related Remidies. Early American Literature , 28, p. 185. Himmelman, P. (1997). The Medicinal Body: An Analysis of Medicinal Cannibalism in Europe, 1300-1700. Dialectical Anthropology , 22, p. 183. Noble, L. (2011). Medicinal Cannibalism in Early Modern English Literature and Culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillian. Peters, H. (1899). Pictorial History of Ancient Pharmacy: With Sketches of Early Medical Practice. Chicago: G.T. Engelhart Company. Sugg, R. (2012). Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine From the Renaissance to the Victorians. Hoboken: Taylor Francis. The entries have these elements: author(s); year of publication; title; and source (publisher for books, and title of journal for reports or articles). Book titles are underlined; titles of articles are in quotation marks; journal titles are italicized. The journal title is followed by the volume number, then the number within the volume (or the month or season, depending upon the journals style) in parentheses, and then the page numbers. Citing Internet Sources There differing styles and no standard for citing Internet sources. Check with your instructor about whether your institution has a preferred style. In the absence of one, use the following style, which is adapted from the periodical reference mentioned earlier: [Author Last Name, First Name]. [Year]. [Web Page Title]. [Website title or owner]. [Website URL] (accessed [Date accessed]). [i] Shirley Lindenbaum, â€Å"Thinking about Cannibalism† Annual Reviews vol. 33 (2004): 475-498. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25064862 (accessed January 20, 2010). International Economics: Trade And Tariffs International Economics: Trade And Tariffs INTRODUCTION: International economics is becoming a major part of existing societies because of the rapid changes occurring in economic markets. As days are passing by, governments, consumers, business etc have started realizing that this economic change from their own group, society, city or country is not the only region its the effect of the dynamic world which is taking part as well. Consumers walk in the local shops and buy products grown in their own country as well as products grown in other countries. Local businesses have to compete with international markets and similarly they can bolster their fair share by selling their home grown products internationally as well in this Global time. Advancement of Telecommunications is becoming a key factor in this global world as it eases the cost of delivering products internationally. Internet is playing its part as it increases the wide view of markets even more. Easiest way to understand the rising of international economic growth is to consider the growth of exports in the past 50 years or so, assuming that one countrys export would definitely be another countrys import; one can easily tell the significant amount of rise in the exports and imports in the past 50 years. World Exports, 1948-2008 (in Billions of U.S. Dollars) On the other hand, growth in the value of exports, itself, doesnt show the importance of trade. A better method is to look at the share of traded goods in relation to the size of the world economy shows world exports as a percentage of the world gross domestic product (GDP) for the years 1970 to 2008. World exports which were just 10 percent in 1970 took its time till 2008 but the percentage grew from 10% to 30%. World Exports, 1970-2008 (Percentage of World GDP) However, as the growth in International trade and investment became more significant, trade barriers started moving steadily downwards. Just after the World War era, GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) constantly tried to convince the member countries to reduce tariffs (import tax) on imported goods. Countries kept on reducing the tax on imports asking for concession in import tax for their products among the member countries until the final round of meeting which is known as Uruguay Round held recently in 1994 where Global Trade Liberalization extended its sphere even more. After that round countries would now not only lower their tariff rates but would liberalize agricultural and services sectors alongside setting up a quota system for the multifibre agreement in clothing sector which was one of the hottest issue in the earlier era. WTO (World Trade Organization) was established in order to keep these agreements improving on regular terms and to keep discussing on further development in Trade sector and to settle down the disputes among the countries on trade. By the end of 2009, there were 153 member countries of WTO Trade Liberalization Club, and many others are pushing to become a part of WTO. This willingness of other countries to join the liberalization club is only making Free Trade phenomena easier. Another good result has come from the regional free trade agreements. Neighbouring countries or close trade partners have taken a step further and started free trading which indicates a better future for WTO and even though it is done on the grounds of trade it still resembles the basic ideology of WTO. These changes in economic patterns and a new way towards free trading is becoming a fundamental bridge for Globalization. Globalization means social, economic, cultural and environmental changes which are connecting people all over the world. Since the growing economics aspects of globalization, it is really important to understand the affects of global market over business, consumers and governments. This leads us to study International Economics. LITERATURE REVIEW: What is International Economics? International Economics is the study that assesses the propositions of International Trade, International Finance and International Lending and Borrowing. It has two major subfields, International Trade and International Finance. Our main focus in this research is over International Trade. What is International Trade? International Trade is a field in economics which implements certain economic models in order to assess international economy. It basically works on understanding supply and demand breakdown of International Markets; firm and consumer relation; oligopolistic and monopolistic market structures; and the effects of market distortions. What is Tariff? Tariff is the tax on import that a government imposes on imported goods. It is the most common way to protect ones economy is to introduce tariffs on imports. Sometimes this term tariff is used in different contexts as well for example rail road tariffs but generally more significantly used in tax on imports. Tariffs are the most common way to generate revenue for the government for centuries. It is the case because it is relatively easy to put custom duty on goods coming from other countries and administratively it is one of the easiest ways to collect tax. Countries simply place their officials at their borders and apply custom duty over the trading goods. High value of tariffs may give birth to smuggling and people finding ways to get their goods without paying taxes but even ignoring the fact that smuggling does take place, countries generate enough revenue for their governments through tariffs. Every business man wants the trade to be liberalized, by this trade liberalization they mean to reduce the tariffs which will make them bring international goods in a cheaper price. Governments resist reducing the tariffs to protect their home grown goods, if international products would come cheap, businesses would have option to get imported products resulting in deduction in home grown products which leads to job hazard or unemployment. Protectionism? Protectionism simply means protecting home grown goods against imported goods. High tariffs indicates the protection towards home grown products as if the tariffs would be low, businesses would be encouraged to get more goods from international markets rather than home grown goods. There was a time in mid 20th century when countries used to generate funds for governments by keeping high tariffs on imports. However as trade liberalization took place, other types of non-tariff barriers came into existence as well. RECENT TRADE CONTROVERSIES: In the middle of 2009, world was down to the biggest economic down pull since the early 1980s. Economic growth was going down and the unemployment all over was rising. International trade fell down all over the world and the investment both domestically and internationally took a downturn. As the economic condition unfolded, there was a similarity between this recession and the Great Depression of 1930s. One of the biggest concerns was that countries might turn back to protectionism to raise job opportunities for domestic workers. That is exactly what countries did during the period of Great Depression and it came up as a negative effect for many of them. This amplitude of negative feeling is nothing new in this current era as it has been coming since the Great Depression between the supporters and opponents of the trade liberalization on Policymaking. Even though trade advocates have successfully opened free trade markets, trade opponents have also been successful in shutting down t rade markets. Its like going three steps forward and coming back 2 steps. AMBIVILENCE ABOUT GLOBALIZATION: Realistically speaking, ambivalence about trade and globalization occurred in decade of 1990s and 2000s. Even though in this period there was a buzz of protests and opposition about free trade theories and going global, this was the time when remarkable movements of freer trade occurred. Trade Liberalization was at its peak in 1980s. Major success of some of the countries that had outward-economies like South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ linked with the countries which were having inward-economies such as Latin America, Africa, India, and elsewhere led to a resurgence of support for trade. Future of trade liberalization is in the hands of time for now, it seems like if this crises is to be ended soon then we might see trade liberalization going to its peak again, but if it continued for a longer period of time, then countries might adopt protectionism in order to raise work for domestic worker which would be a killer for trade liberalization for some time to come. Economic crises have led in favor of protectionism in the past but that protectionism didnt bolster the economies, it rather did little good and worst the effect of depression as can be understood by the period of Great Depression. Current scenario may have little hopes for trade liberalization as history is opting to repeat itself. DISCUSSION: The Great Depression, Smoot-Hawley, and the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA): The greatest historical motivator for trade liberalization since the World War II was the period of Great Depression. The disaster apparently began with crash of US Stock Market in late 1929. It imminently pulled the world economy in an extremely rapid pace. By 1930, the US economy had shrink by 8.6 percent and the unemployment rate jumped to 8.9 percent. With this contraction, came an alarming call for protectionism for domestic goods against the internationally bought imported goods. In May 1930, almost 1028 economists signed a petition against the rising tariff and marched a campaign towards President Hoover of that time. Despite of this petition signed by so many economists, in June 1930 came the Smooth-Hawley Act (tariff Act of 1930) which almost rose up to 60 percent of import duties. Due to the fact that not only US was suffering from the economic crises, international exporters who were doing business with US were also suffering from economic crises chose to introduced their own increase in tariffs to save their own domestic economy in retaliation. It effected in a dramatic drop in trade among the countries and added even worst effect to the ongoing depression. In following years, economic crises grew even worst. The US economy continued to contract at double digits and by the year 1933 the unemployment rate raised up to 24.9 percent. In 1932, Franklyn Roosevelt ran for the President and spoke against the high tariffs. By the year 1934 a new scheme accepting the advantages of trade liberalization was introduced. It was Congress that passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Acts (RTAA) which allowed the president to negotiate bilateral tariff reduction agreements over different products. It worked as President of US would send his agents to say Mexico and introduce a reduced tariff rates to the products brought in US and in place ask them to reduce tariffs on different set of products that could be taken from US. Once the agreement is done by the government trade could get started. Thats exactly what happened, and it pushed the wheel for trade again. Over 60 bilateral deals were placed and accepted among different countries under RTAA which set the platform for trade liberalization for decades to come. SIGNIFICANCE OF RTAA: RTAA is considered significant for two reasons. First one has to be that it was the first time US Congress granted access of Trade Authorities directly to the President for the Trade Policymaking. Secondly it served as the basis for the foundation of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Under GATT countries would also discuss about getting concession in tariffs rather than only doing bilateral trade among the members of GATT. That was the main difference in GATT and RTAA that RTAA only worked in a bilateral Trade form while GATT worked in a multilateral trade form. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT): What is GATT? General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided the basic trade rules and solution in dispute over trades among the members from 1948 to 1994. It was one of the three Breton Woods Organizations came into existence after the World War II. Its goal was to promote trade liberalization by reducing high tariffs. In reality, General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) wasnt meant to be organized as a standalone body. It was a part of a much wider agreement to establish International Trade Organization (ITO). Intentions of ITO were to assign trade rules and supportive guidelines that would help member countries to do trade. The ITO was conceived during the Breton Woods conference attended by the main allied countries in New Hampshire in 1944 and was seen as complementary to two other organizations also conceived there: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The IMF would monitor and regulate the international fixed exchange rate system, the World Bank would assist with loans for reconstruction and development, and the ITO would regulate international trade. What was the Goal of GATT? General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as the name suggests consists of the clauses which makes members agree on a similar set of trade policies that suits the trading parties. Basic goal was to introduce some set of rules for trade, that would be helpful in bringing up trade liberalization and thus end up in reducing trade barriers. Countries that make these commitments and sign on to the agreement are called signatory countries. All the discussions that take place before the agreement are referred to as rounds. Each round is given a name according to the location it takes place or to a prominent figure taking place in that round. There were eight rounds of negotiation under the GATT: Geneva Round (1948), Annecy Round (1950), Torque Round (1951), Geneva II Round (1956), Dillon Round (1962), Kennedy Round (1967), Tokyo Round (1979), and Uruguay Round (1994) The most important note was that agreements were made by mutual consent. A round finishes only when every negotiating country is satisfied with the promises it and all of its negotiating partners are making. The slogan sometimes used is Nothing Is Agreed until Everything Is Agreed. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO): World Trade Organization (WTO) was established to Liberalize International Trade and supervises some set rules. It actually replaced the work done by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). WTO was established in January 1 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement. Its goals are exactly the same as of (GATT) to promote trade liberalization. It is relatively a small body based in Geneva having a director general and a small staff of economists, lawyers and others. WTO is sometimes taken as a Trade Law making body, and that is wrong, because it doesnt make any trade laws. It follows the set of rules described in Uruguay Round and each country has to decide their own trade rules. What it does is, it settles down the negotiations between the member countries and solves the disputes as it may require. Besides monitoring each member countrys trade policies, which the WTO fulfils by conducting periodic trade policy reviews of the member countries, the WTO club was also created to deal with disputes. This is surely the most important power of the WTO. CONCLUSION: Since the WTO began in 1995 there have been over four hundred disputes brought to the DSB. Large number countries have been complainants and defendants although the two countries most often on one side or the other are the United States and the EU. Some of the most well-known disputes have involved bananas, steel, hormone-treated beef, and commercial aircraft. Lesser-known cases have involved narrow product groups such as Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe, Canned Tuna with Soybean Oil, Combed Cotton Yarn, and Retreaded Tires. Traders know better what to expect from their trading partners because their partners have committed themselves to particular trade policies and to a resolution mechanism in the event of noncompliance. In a sense, then, it is true that the WTO agreements restrict the freedom of a country to set whatever trade policy it deems appropriate for the moment. That loss of sovereignty, though, is designed to prevent countries from choosing more destructive protectionist policiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ policies that are very seductive to voters, especially in an economic crisis. If successful, the WTO could prevent a reoccurrence of Smoot-Hawley and its aftermath both now and in the future.

Role of Women in Uzbekistan Essay -- essays research papers

Role of Women in Uzbekistan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women’s roles are not the same in different cultures. Most important is that women in Uzbekistan, where the population of Muslim people were from 50 % up to 70 %, made the big progress in eighty years. From that time women started to become more free in education, marriage, and fashion than they used to be eighty years ago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The education has also changed since the 1910s. In the 1910s girls had separate schools from boys, and they could only get education in middle-schools not going anywhere further in level of study. A lot of girls couldn’t attend the schools at all. In the history books says that each class had about five to ten girls, half of the girls stayed at home with their family or grandparents. Now we have a lot of schools and they are not separated. Today all Muslim girls and boys go to same schools together with all other students. They also can go farther in level of study. A lot of Muslim girls and women go to university after High School and earning degrees and becoming scientists, writers, musicians, teachers and simply excellent mothers. It is a really big change for women. I think I know why they did this changes, its because they wanted to be more educated and be equal to men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marriage has also changed a lot. Eighty years ago women had to stay at home and do the house work. A woman couldn’t see any men except her father or brother until ...

Adulthood Interview Essay

Background/Introduction The following interview was conducted with the subject known as â€Å"George† who is in the middle adult stage of life. George is 48 years old and is an auto mechanic. He lives at home with this wife and two daughters in San Diego, California. George is in Erik Erikson’s seventh stage of psychosocial development which is the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage. In this stage, work and parenting are important factors that affect his life. Physical Characteristics Physical Characteristics: weight and height; health overall/concerns; physical activity; overall nutrition/eating patterns; patterns of consumption (i.e., alcohol, caffeine, smoking); significant changes in sexuality from young adulthood; stage in menopause; sleep patterns; sexual dysfunction/satisfaction; are they above or below life expectancy; accidents As a person grows in age, along comes physical changes and possible health problems. In George’s case, he appears to be very physically fit; however, I learned from the interview that he previously had some health issues that involved hospitalization which caused him to recently change his dietary habits. George was at risk of having a series of colon cancers and constantly had excruciating stomach pains. After being hospitalized for three days, the results showed no positive signs of cancer but his doctor gave a strict diet and urged him to exercise more regularly. When asked about his current eating patterns and physical activities, George revealed that he makes an effort to eat more vegetables and fruits and has cut off on fried foods and carbohydrates. He also makes sure to take a walk to the park near his home with his wife every day after dinner. George does not smoke but he does occasionally drink alcohol and caffeine. His alcohol and caffeine consumption is low which i s why they do not have a significant impact on his health. He described that as he gets older; his sleeping  patterns have been changing as well. He used to be able to stay up past midnight but now he gets tired very easily and must sleep before 10 P.M. Cognitive Characteristics Cognitive Characteristics: Piaget’s sub-stage; changes in intellectual abilities; speed/accuracy of information processing (you can use a memory test); changes in creativity/learning According to Piaget’s theory on the formal operations stage, adolescents should have the â€Å"capacity for flexible, reversible operations concerning abstract ideas and concepts, such as symbols, statements, and theories† (Rathus, 2013). Rathus also discusses that adolescents perform hypothetical thinking, which is when they systematically try out different possibilities in their minds to solve a problem. Formal operations give the adolescent skills of logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning to assist their problem-solving. In terms of Patrick’s hypothetical thinking from the interview, he seems to be on track with this level of thinking. For example, I asked him about what approach he takes when solving a problem and he said that he takes into account all of the different options he has and does everything one step at a time. Piaget coined adolescent egocentrism as comprehending ideas of other people, but having difficulty sorting out those things that concern other people form the things that concern themselves (Rathus, 2013). I tested my subject’s cognitive development by giving him a preset list of 10 vocabulary words and asking him to define each word to the best of his ability. I gave him a minute to clearly define the word. He defined 8 out of 10 words correctly which shows that his cognitive skills are on the right path. Patrick admitted that he used to struggle with balancing school and sports and had to attend tutoring lessons to raise his grades. He now has a 3.6 GPA and is expecting to attend San Diego State University in the fall. His strongest subject is math and science. Psychological/Emotional Characteristics Psychological/Emotional Characteristics: Erikson’s stage; completed developmental tasks (Havighurst); any emotional crisis evident?; changes in life events; challenges in well-being; shifts in personality; job  satisfaction; evidence of wisdom According to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development, adolescents go through the ego identity versus role diffusion stage where they are figuring out who they are as a person. Branching off of Erikson’s approach, James Marcia proposed four identity statuses that he believes represents a stage an individual is going through in seeking their identity: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Adolescents in high school usually move from the diffusion and foreclosure stage to the moratorium and achievement statuses (Bartoszuk & Pittman, 2010). I also discussed the topic of stress with my subject and he revealed that school is his main source of stress, â€Å"I just applied to colleges last fall and finally received some acceptance letters last month. I have been stressing like crazy and thought I wouldn’t get into any schools!† Patrick appears to have a strong sense of self-concept and also high self-esteem. He described himself as â€Å"responsible, friendly, and competitive† and that having supportive friends and family have helped him maintain a good self-esteem. In regards to sexuality, Patrick said that he is interested in girls but does not have anything against homosexuality as he has friends who are gay and lesbian. Social Characteristics Social Characteristics: Typical interactions with others, with you; evolution of parent-child relationship; grandparenting; change in caring for parents; relationships with siblings/friends; widowhood According to the textbook, adolescents are â€Å"heavily influenced both by parents and peers† (Rathus, 2013). When asked about his interactions and relationships with others, Patrick described his friends and family as the most important aspects of his life. He and his father used to play basketball together when he was younger which fueled his love for the sport. Although he is a part of the school’s basketball team, he does not consider himself to be a jock or popular. Aside from basketball, Patrick enjoys playing video games and is interested in computers. He described himself as an â€Å"average teenage boy who loves playing sports and all things electronics.† The relationship between his family members and friends were  also further discussed in the interview. Patrick says that he has not have much time to spend with his family since high school started but his relationship with his parents has grown stronger as he grows older. Patrick and his sister are four years apart in age and have a very strong bond. They both play basketball which Patrick said has created a â€Å"friendly sibling rivalry.† Patrick described that an average Sunday with his family consisted of going to church, having brunch, going to the beach and then renting a film from Redbox. Patrick thinks that his parents are â€Å"strict but flexible at the same time.† I asked him to elaborate more on this thought and he explained that they have high expectations for him in regards to his education and that â€Å"they told [him] that [he] needs to have a 3.5 GPA and above to participate in any sports† which motivates him to do well in school. His parents have helped him look into different universities and career path options but it is ultimately his decision on what he wants to do with his future. The textbook describes this type of parenting style as the authoritative style in which parents â€Å"know what they want their children to do but also respect their children and are warm toward them† (Rathus, 2013). This parenting style usually contributes to an adolescent’s sense of high se lf-esteem and independence. The circle of friends that Patrick interact with share many similarities, they play the same sports and video games, and also like to listen to the same type of music. When asked what he and his friends do for fun after school or on the weekends, Patrick said that they usually go to one person’s house and just play a game of NBA 2K14 for a couple of hours or play a few games of basketball. He described his relationship with his friends as â€Å"chill and fun.† In regards to his dating life, Patrick’s relationships tend to be rather short; his longest relationship lasted for about six months. He shared that there is a girl who he is interested in and plans to ask her to the senior prom coming up in a few months. Patrick previously had a part-time job at a retail store but quit due to his grades dropping. It has been proven that â€Å"adolescents who work after school obtain lower grades† (Rathus, 2013). Moral characteristics Moral characteristics: Any changes since early adulthood According to Lawrence Kohlberg, adolescence is the period in life where  individuals become capable of formal-operational thinking, allowing them to make decisions by using ethical principles (Rathus, 2013). Patrick defined a rule as a set of principles that should be strictly followed. I asked him why he thinks rules should be obeyed and to give an example of when it is okay to break a rule and his response was, â€Å"rules are made so that things will run smoothly† and â€Å"rules can be broken if it is necessary to save someone’s life.† Based on this response, Patrick is taking the perspective of stage 6 of Kohlberg’s postconventional level of moral development in which it is acceptable to break a rule/law in order to preserve a life regardless of the consequences this may bring. Analysis I enjoyed doing this interview because it gave me a better understanding of how it would be to personally interact with another human being especially since I am interested in majoring in Human Development. It was quite intimidating and nerve-racking at first since I have never interviewed anyone before and I felt very inexperienced. By the middle of the interview, I felt less anxious and began getting the hang of it. After the interview, I realized that I should have asked more questions in regards to moral development. Overall, this was a great learning experience and I feel more confident for the next interview that I will have to conduct for the class. I look forward to using the skills I learned from this interview and applying it for future experiences. References Bartoszuk, K., & Pittman, J. F. (2010). Profiles of identity exploration and commitment across domains. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(4), 444-450. Rathus, S. A. (2014). Hdev3. (3rd ed.) Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.